Explain assemblies in .NET?

Assemblies are the building blocks of .NET Framework applications; they form the fundamental unit of deployment version control reuse activation scoping and security permissions. An assembly is a collection of types and resources that are built to work together and form a logical unit of functionality. An assembly provides the common language runtime with the information it needs to be aware of type implementations. To the runtime a type does not exist outside the context of an assembly. 




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Assemblies are similar to dll files. Both has the reusable pieces of code in the form of classes/ functions. Dll needs to be registered but assemblies have its own metadata.

Assembly is a single deployable unit that contains information about the implementation of classes, structures and interfaces. it also stores the information about itself called metadata and includes name and verison of the assembly, security information, information about the dependencies and the list of files that constitute the assembly.
Assembly also contains namespaces. In the .Net Framework, applications are deployed in the form of assemblies.

An assembly is a single deploy able unit that contains all the information about the implementation of :
- classes
- structures and
- interfaces

An assembly stores all the information about itself. This information is called METADATA and include the name and the verison number of the assembly, security information, information about the dependencies and a lost of files that constitute the assembly.
All the application developed using the .NET framework are made up of assemblies.
Namespaces are also stored in assemblies

In the Microsoft .NET framework an assembly is a partially compiled code library for use in deployment, versioning and security. In the Microsoft Windows implementation of .NET, an assembly is a PE (portable executable) file. There are two types, process assemblies (EXE) and library assemblies (DLL). A process assembly represents a process which will use classes defined in library assemblies. In version 1.1 of the CLR classes can only be exported from library assemblies; in version 2.0 this restriction is relaxed. The compiler will have a switch to determine if the assembly is a process or library and will set a flag in the PE file. .NET does not use the extension to determine if the file is a process or library. This means that a library may have either .dll or .exe as its extension.

The code in an assembly is partially compiled into CIL, which is then fully compiled into machine language at runtime by the CLR.

An assembly can consist of one or more files. Code files are called modules. An assembly can contain more than one code module and since it is possible to use different languages to create code modules this means that it is technically possible to use several different languages to create an assembly. In practice this rarely happens, principally because Visual Studio only allows developers to create assemblies that consist of a single code module.

Private Assemblies
Private assemblies are not designed to be shared. They are designed to be used by one application and must reside in that application's directory or subdirectory. This isolated methodology is nostalgically reminiscent of the DOS days when applications were fully contained within their own directories and did not disturb one another. By default, all assemblies (like the one we created in the previous example) are private. If you wish to make them shared, you must explicitly do so by signing them, as the upcoming example will illustrate. It is expected that the majority of assemblies you create will be of the private type.

Shared Assemblies
For those components that must be distributed, Microsoft offers the shared assembly. The shared assembly concept is centered around two principles. The first, called side-by-side execution, allows the CLR to house multiple versions of the same component on a single machine. The second, termed binding, ensures that clients obtain the version of the component they expect. Together, these two principles free developers from having to ensure that their components are compatible with earlier versions. If a component evolves through versions 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0, the CLR will maintain separate copies of each version and invoke the correct one accordingly.

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n assembly in ASP.NET is a collection of single-file or multiple files. The assembly that has more than one file contains either a dynamic link library (DLL) or an EXE file. The assembly also contains metadata that is known as assembly manifest. The assembly manifest contains data about the versioning requirements of the assembly, author name of the assembly, the security requirements that the assembly requires to run, and the various files that form part of the assembly.The biggest advantage of using ASP.NET Assemblies is that developers can create applications without interfering with other applications on the system. When the developer creates an application that requires an assembly that assembly will not affect other applications. The assembly used for one application is not applied to another application. However one assembly can be shared with other applications. In this case the assembly has to be placed in the bin directory of the application that uses it.
This is in contrast to DLL in the past. Earlier developers used to share libraries of code through DLL. To use the DLL that is developed by another developer for another application, you have to register that DLL in your machine. In ASP.NET, the assembly is created by default whenever you build a DLL. You can check the details of the manifest of the assembly by using classes located in the System.Reflection namespace.
Thus you can create two types of ASP.NET Assemblies in ASP.NET: private ASP.NET Assemblies and shared assemblies. Private ASP.NET Assemblies are created whey you build component files like DLLs that can be applied to one application. Shared ASP.NET Assemblies are created when you want to share the component files across multiple applications. Shared ASP.NET Assemblies must have a unique name and must be placed in Global Assembly Cache (GAC). The GAC is located in the Assembly directory in WinNT. You can view both the manifest and the IL using ILDisassembler (ildasm.exe).